Introduction

Here we present a series of proposals framed in the scenario argentinean antarctic to 2031 based on the seven points of impact previously identified and developed. These proposals are part of the goal of increasing the physical presence of our country in the antarctic continent and sustain and strengthen the interests of antarctica argentina, in relation to our claim of sovereignty and participation in the governance system of the antarctic, posing, lines of action relevant.

1. Title of the proposal: Governance Antarctica
2. ObjectiveTo : strengthen the Antarctic Treaty System (STA) and our influence on him.
3. Lines of action:
   1. Build and maintain effective relationships with other nations part of the STA through our international commitment.
   2. Develop an active role in the diplomatic antarctica to provide the STA of the capabilities necessary for the survival of the system of face-to-2048.
   3. Keep Antarctica free of confrontations strategic and/or policies.
   4. Addressing themes related to the mining, bioprospecting, and drinking water.
   5. Ensure that the operations and activities argentine Antarctica reflect and promote the objectives and principles of the STA.
   6. To promote scientific cooperation with other nations part of the STA.
   7. Work to preserve Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science.
   8. To preserve the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection.

Considering the context and the future of the Antarctic Treaty System in the face 2048, presented previously, and the role of our country as a signatory to a native, and part advisory, a strategic planning for the scenario argentinean antarctic require you to think about how to develop a leadership role and influence in the governance system that owns the antarctic continent. Is No less than that after years of diplomatic effort was the headquarters of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat is located in the city of Buenos Aires. Our country possesses capabilities and opportunities to practice a leading and influential role in antarctic affairs, international. You should work with an active role, and in collaboration with the other parties to the Treaty to ensure effective governance, conduct scientific research and to preserve and protect the environment and biodiversity in antarctica with a look to 2048 that allows for the adaptation and survival of the System.

1. Title of the proposal: Argentina's sovereignty in Antarctica
2. ObjectiveTo preserve the claim of sovereignty over the Argentinean Antarctic Sector, including the expansion of the corresponding continental shelf.
3. Lines of action:
   1. Continue to promote the peaceful resolution of disputes by the archipelagos of the South Atlantic, with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland —Malvinas Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich -- and its maritime areas surrounding.
   2. Develop the capacity of power to prevent the british influence in the antarctic region.
   3. Cooperation with Chile and the other countries of the south american region.
   4. Strengthen Ushuaia as the main “gateway” to the Antarctic Peninsula and the global centre for antarctic survey.
   5. Strengthen the physical presence of Argentina in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula.
   6. Develop the awareness antarctica at different educational levels and in the civil society, promoting the understanding of the importance of Antarctica and the Antarctic Treaty System for Argentina and the world.

Here we must take into account the need for scientific capacity, technological, operational, and logistical appropriate to consolidate the physical presence of our country in Antarctica, with an adequate infrastructure for scientific research, all with their corresponding resources. In this way, with the development of the same —and provided the framework of a strategy antarctica— our country could be well positioned to address the major scientific challenges of the coming decades. These proposals are developed below:

1. Title of the proposal: Science and technology in argentina to Antarctica
2. Objective: To improve the scientific and technological capacities for research in antarctica.
3. Lines of action:
   1. Use of technology national for the support of the scientific activities in Antarctica.
   2. Periodically assess the state of the infrastructure (bases, shelters, and laboratories) to analyze the improvements required to achieve the modern facilities.
   3. Promote the efficient use and flexible facilities of existing research.
   4. Develop opportunities for public-private partnerships to carry out new efforts of scientific research.
   5. Improve work of mapping and cartography of the complex geography antarctica.
   6. Bet human resources argentine and the development of argentine universities.
   7. Develop and support effective partnerships and joint ventures and non-governmental organizations.

With respect to the line of action “f”, can be raised design of a ship logistics antarctic to liquefied natural gas for carried out by students of the Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (UTN), or a prototype of a robot geo-reference funded by the National Defense University (UNDEF) and other similar operations, underwater School of Officers of the Argentine Navy.

1. Title of the proposal: Military instrument in the antarctic region
2. Objective: To develop means naval and air suitable for the operations support and logistics antarctic.
3. Lines of action:
   1. To ensure a military instrument chord, ensuring its operation to the support logistics of the scientific activities in compliance with the terms of the Antarctic Treaty.

                                                              i. Procure a budget according to the National Defense.

2. Acquire or construct logistics ships that complement the icebreaker ARA Almirante Irízar (Q-5).
3. Medium-term: consider the acquisition or construction in shipyards national of a new icebreaker polar of advanced technology and considerable skills for future operations.
4. Extend the capabilities to secure air connections permanent with the argentine bases.
5. Bet means in air bases Marambio and Petrel for logistics between the argentine bases and possible provision of services to third countries.

Are you in need of a military instrument to meet the needs of the operations antarctic with the view to the challenges of the future, ensuring its operation to the support logistics of the scientific activities, ensuring the peaceful use of the continent, such as enshrining the terms of the Antarctic Treaty. This must be accompanied by a budget according to the National Defense, so that the armed forces can continue to allocate human resources highly trained and specialized media to maintain and sustain the operation of the foundations, shelters and other facilities in argentina. It is also important to the close collaboration between the military and civilian components of the activities antarctic argentine.

Specifically referring to the naval assets used for operations in antarctic, our country still has the icebreaker ARA Almirante Irízar (Q-5), in service since 1978, interrupted between 2007 and 2017 product of a fire that forced them to do repairs. Taking into account the technical developments in the field of naval and other countries with interests antarctic are modernizing their icebreaker to acquire naval assets more suited to the needs of the TWENTY-first century, Argentina should think of the acquisition or construction of a new polar ship of considerable skills in the medium term. The last year was made public by the failed attempt of the acquisition of the vessel polar australian Aurora Australis (30 years old) as a vessel for additional campaigns antarctic, which makes it necessary to evaluate other options.

1. Title of the proposal: Logistics antarctica
2. Objective: Improving logistics in antarctica with the projects of the Pole Logistical Antarctic Ushuaia and the Base Joint Logistics Petrel.
3. Lines of action:
   1. Develop in Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego) a Pole Logistical Antarctic to the service of the national and international operations, to provide services to third countries that make up the Antarctic Treaty System and have projection to the South Atlantic to our naval assets.
   2. Have a built-in base of the Argentine Navy in Ushuaia is to be a hub for logistics and operational, in addition to position of the naval assets used in the campaigns antarctic.
   3. Complement with scientific facilities in the capital of tierra del fuego, including a branch of the Antarctic Institute of Argentina.
   4. Articulate the operation of the port to the airport from the city for the tourist industry antarctica.
   5. Promote joint public-private.
   6. Medium-term: to be an international leader in the field of logistics services, and tourism to the region of the Antarctic Peninsula.
   7. Contemplate the provision of health care to remote Ushuaia.
   8. To complete the project of the Joint Base Logistics Argentina for our operations and to offer services to third-party countries.

Product of the facilities and distinctive advantages that it offers the Big island of Tierra del Fuego as a gateway closer to the antarctic continent, should be considered to have logistics facilities appropriate under national flag that could be constituted as strategic assets for the country and provide a role of international leadership in the field of logistics services for the entire community antarctica. This covers the projects not yet materialized Polo Logistical Antarctic Ushuaia and the Base Joint Logistics Petrel (in the Antarctic) for lack of allocation of adequate financial resources, coupled with the existence of various projects feasible, but decades, have been falling apart for lack of political decision-making. The delay of its realization is in danger, the utilization of the advantages of our country in favour of the projects developed by Chile and the United Kingdom (in Punta Arenas and Falklands respectively), which are found in the highest state of progress in defiance of our interests.

1. Title of the proposal: Environmental protection to the antarctic
2. Objective: To conserve and protect the environment and biodiversity in the antarctic before the effects of climate change.
3. Lines of action:
   1. Continue to support projects of creation of marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean in cooperation with the members of the Convention for the Conservation of Living Resources in Marine Antarctic (CCAMLR).
   2. Conserve marine living resources of the Antarctic, including fishing ecologically sustainable.
   3. Combating illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Southern Ocean.
   4. To promote scientific research in the field of climate change.
   5. Ensure appropriate environmental management of the operations in argentina, while minimizing environmental impacts.
   6. Focus on the scientific research of argentina in Antarctica to understand:

                                                              i. The particular system to the antarctic and its connection with the global systems.

                                                             ii. The influence of the Antarctic in the continental argentino, particularly its impacts on the welfare of the argentines.

1. Title of the proposal: Strategic planning in the Atlantic south-West – Antarctica
2. Objective: The drafting of a national strategy antarctica in the framework of a maritime strategy in argentina for the geopolitical area Southwest Atlantic-Antarctic.
3. Lines of action:
   1. In a first term, to include the space antarctic in the design of a maritime strategy in argentina covering the national jurisdictions in the South Atlantic, established by the relevant regulations, the islands in dispute with the United Kingdom, the la Plata basin, Patagonia, and the steps bioceanic between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific.
   2. To have a regulatory framework and institutions to ensure a decision making articulate and successful. Creation of a “Ministry of the Ocean” that covers the topics mentioned above, today spread over ministries and secretariats of various ministries.
   3. Strategic planning for the program argentinean antarctic:

                                                              i. Need to secure the interests of antarctica argentina.

                                                             ii. Recognize the highest level of political decision-making, the importance of strategic, scientific, environmental and Antarctica.

                                                           iii. Dissemination of the relevance of the antarctic continent to create a true consciousness “antarctica” in the civil society.

                                                           iv. To ensure the necessary information to support the decisions of investment in major infrastructure and capabilities needed for operations in argentina.

                                                             v. Determine and provide the resources necessary to adequately fund the campaigns antarctic.

                                                           vi. To ensure a co-operation and proper articulation between the various national agencies, civilian and military participants of the campaigns antarctic (corresponding departments, armed forces, scientific research bodies and universities).

                                                         vii. To ensure a dialogue with the community antarctica argentina for his contribution in the field of requirements for the campaigns.

                                                       viii. Align the scientific activity with the national interest, and to integrate it with our operational capabilities and logistics.

The context of the stage of the South Atlantic and the Antarctic developed in a series of articles of various researchers in this Observatory, shows the need to articulate a national strategy for the maritime field to face the challenges of the international scenario, and which addresses multidisciplinariamente various issues focused on the defense of national interests in these spaces. In the geographical area should be considered by national courts in the South Atlantic, established by the relevant regulations, the islands in dispute with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland —Malvinas Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich— with its maritime areas surrounding the la Plata basin, Patagonia, and the steps bioceanic between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific, as well as Antarctica. In thematic issues, topics include fishing, shipbuilding industry, merchant marine, tourism, exploitation of hydrocarbons and minerals, power generation, port and associated logistics, Waterway, foreign trade, scientific research and care of marine biodiversity, marine protected areas, tourism, communications, and monitoring and control of these spaces of geopolitical interest in addition to the national defense.

In these issues, the environment, antarctic, is closely related to the jurisdictions and maritime spaces of national interest, therefore, the antarctic affairs must necessarily be included in the design of a maritime strategy for our country. It becomes necessary to design and implement public policies articulated that develop as the true policy of the State from the consensus, and provided with a projection in the medium-and long-term (“look of beams”).

You can also tackled the issue antarctica with a strategic planning for the program argentinean antarctic, using the necessary resources and contemplating a co-operation and proper articulation between the different national bodies participating. As noted in the first article for the Observatory, an interesting example and a possible model for a specific document, and arrange the geopolitical space antarctic for our country, it is the ambitious strategy antarctica made by the government of Australia in 2016. In general, it sets out the interests antarctic Australia's national and vision for the future engagement of the country in Antarctica. With a plan of action attached 20 years that details the steps that the australian Government will take to comply with the strategy. It is worth to trace briefly the contents of this document that can serve as a “model” for a document of similar features to our country, adapting appropriately to the requirements, needs and argentine interests: 

• Description of key actions for the strategy: program antarctic active, development of an infrastructure moderna and flexible, media and logistics capabilities appropriate (naval, air, and even land) —including a new icebreaker—, position of leadership in the scientific research, antarctic, use, efficient and flexible of the stations of existing research, funding for science, public-private partnerships, strengthening of the Antarctic Treaty System and the influence of Australia in him, and strengthening of the role of the city of Hobart (Tasmania) as a “gateway” to the Antarctic in the East.
• Historical synthesis of the activity of australia in Antarctica.
• Analysis of the future scenario, trends and key challenges.
• Role of Australia in the Antarctic Treaty System.
• Program description antarctic australian. His scientific activity is aligned with their political interests and integrated with its operational capabilities and logistics; all managed by the same entity: the Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of Environment.
• Formulation of the interests of Australia in Antarctica: the same determine the policy frameworks underlying framing the commitment of Australia in Antarctica.

· Keep the Antarctica free of confrontations strategic and/or policies.

· To preserve the claim of sovereignty over the Antarctic Territory Australian.

· To support the Antarctic Treaty system strong and effective.

· Conduct scientific research world-class, consistent with national priorities.

· To protect the antarctic environment.

· Ability to influence developments in the region.

· Promote the economic opportunities that arise from the Antarctic and the Southern Ocean, in accordance with the obligations of the Antarctic Treaty System.

· Lines of action to promote their interests, on the basis of a role of leadership and influence in the politics and governance of antarctica, the antarctic science and environmental management, in addition to developing educational opportunities, economic, and national and international collaboration for their program to the antarctic.

· Plan of action to 20 years: with the goals of the Government detailed to the first, second, fifth, tenth, and twenty-year aimed at promoting the national interests and the role of leadership antarctic.

• Detail of the investments in the field of science, operations and logistics. It includes the modernization of the scientific installations, construction of a new icebreaker, infrastructure and logistics, and scientific facilities to Hobart, collaboration agreements with both the united States and China, increasing the capacity of transport of heavy cargo by air, among others.

Strikingly, in addition to Australia, Chile and the United Kingdom (with whom we claim the sovereignty of the region of the antarctic peninsula), have also developed two separate documents with a view to the strategic planning of all its antarctic affairs.

· Chile published a document your strategic vision in 2015, starting from a situation analysis and planning twenty years on four major issues: the presence in Antarctica, antarctic science, connecting regional and national levels in the Antarctic and role in the Antarctic Treaty System. The same is related to the design and implementation of its National Policy Antarctica, promulgated by the Supreme Decree No. 429 in 2000.

· The United Kingdom, for its part, produced a strategy for the “British Antarctic Territory”  in 2019, ten years, until 2029. The same is focused on promoting the british presence in the Antarctic, to increase the knowledge and dissemination in the field, environmental protection, science and research, preservation of the “british heritage”, to ensure a legislative and administrative framework for effective and proportionate and efficient management of the activities antarctic british.

With the three papers cited above, we conclude on the importance of developing a strategic thinking similar to maximise the opportunities and face the challenges of the future that is noted above, placing the Antarctica Argentina on the national agenda and in the framework of a national strategy for the marine environment and the antarctic.